Creato da Bushman il 08/02/2010

RIPENSANDOCI

Per pubblicare testi che facciano riflettere

 

 

PENSIERI SCOMODI

Post n°8 pubblicato il 11 Aprile 2014 da Bushman

 

 

 

 

 

Alberto Bencivenga

 

 

 

 
 
 

SANITA' IN ITALIA. 2.

Post n°7 pubblicato il 10 Febbraio 2010 da Bushman
 

4

In Italia si buttano milioni di euro dalla finestra ogni giorno per studiare pazienti, anche per cose di routine, a causa di continue ed inutili ripetizioni. Qui, un paziente va dal suo medico di famiglia che gli fa fare una serie di esami di laboratorio e radiologici. Poi, eventualmente, gli dice che ha bisogno di essere visto da uno specialista. Il paziente va dallo specialista che, naturalmente, gli fa fare ancora una batteria di indagini diagnostiche, fra le quali, il più delle volte, anche quelle che il paziente ha già fatto su richiesta del medico di base pochi giorni prima. Poi, se il paziente viene ricoverato in ospedale, il tutto si ripete, inutilmente, per la terza volta. Moltiplichiamo questo processo per l’intero numero nazionale di pazienti che ogni anno ricorrono al medico e arriveremo a cifre da capogiro!

Che succede nei Paesi civili? Anzitutto, se un paziente va direttamente da uno specialista, questi non si sogna neppure di riceverlo e gli fa dire dalla segretaria di andare prima dal medico di base. Il medico di base, se lo ritiene utile o necessario, invia il paziente allo specialista, sempre e obbligatoriamente accompagnato da una dettagliata lettera in cui scrive le sue osservazioni, i risultati degli esami da lui già fatti eseguire ed il suo quesito diagnostico, per cui lo specialista non ripete le indagini che sono già state fatte. Lo specialista risponde con una lettera altrettanto dettagliata al medico di base del paziente, lettera che copia all’ospedale, se il paziente ha bisogno di ricovero e neppure l’ospedale si sogna di ripetere gli esami già fatti, a meno che non ci sia una precisa, eccezionale necessità. All’atto della dimissione, l’ospedale manda obbligatoriamente un dettagliato rapporto scritto a chi ha inviato il paziente e, sempre, al medico di base del paziente stesso. E se qualcuno si dimentica di scrivere queste lettere o le scrive con dati imprecisi, può passare seri guai con l’Ordine dei Medici!

Questo sistema di mettere tutto per iscritto, ha anche un enorme beneficio collaterale, impedendo la faciloneria ed il pressappochismo di alcuni medici, poiché chiunque, in futuro, potrà accorgersi se sono state fatte o scritte scemenze o cose non lege artis! Per esempio, avrebbe evitati i costi che il Sistema Sanitario Nazionale ha dovuto sostenere per un paziente da me visto poco tempo fa, con una rottura sottocutanea del tendine di Achille ed un gesso da ben 6 mesi! Questa particolare lesione si diagnostica ponendo il piede in dorsiflessione e palpando con un dito il tendine: quando si trova un infossamento, si capisce che il tendine è rotto. Il paziente da me visto aveva con sé ben tre risonanze magnetiche e due ecografie, esami assolutamente inutili nella fattispecie attuale, ma indubbiamente costosi. Dissi al paziente che andava operato e fui sorpreso nel sentirmi rispondere testualmente: “Ma il professore mi ha detto che devo portare il gesso ancora per molti mesi”. Per carità di patria non tradussi al paziente il vero significato di quell’affermazione, che deve essere stato il seguente: “Io non so fare questa operazione perché ogni volta che l’ho fatta in passato, ho sempre avuto risultati disastrosi, però non voglio perdere nè la faccia nè i guadagni che ho continuando a visitare più volte questo paziente e facendogli un gesso dopo l’altro e allora, gli dico che questa lesione si cura solo col gesso”. Quali sono stati i costi finanziari e sociali provocati da questa incompetente “terapia”? Se quel “professore” avesse lavorato in un ambiente in cui avrebbe dovuto mettere tutto per iscritto, come si fa nei paesi civili, avrebbe avuto il coraggio di affermare che le rotture del tendine d’Achille si curano con mesi e mesi di gesso?

 

5

Se andate negli equivalenti tedeschi o svizzeri delle nostre ASL, trovate una stanzetta di pochi metri quadrati con degli archivi ed uno o due tavoli a cui siedono, al massimo, uno o due impiegati, che provvedono ad istruire le pratiche per i pagamenti dei medici che hanno prestato i loro servizi ai cittadini malati.

Però, esiste un controllo spietato sulla qualità delle prestazioni sanitarie erogate, come ebbi modo di apprendere quando lavoravo alla Clinica Chirurgica dell’Università di Tubinga, dove, se un paziente non veniva dimesso, dopo una laparotomia, in VIII giornata, arrivava puntualmente il medico controllore della Krankenkasse (l’organizzazione mutualistica) a vedere perché. Mi informai ed appresi così dell’esistenza di un sistema per cui, se, per esempio, in un ospedale c’era una frequenza inaccettabile di ritardi nella dimissione dovuti a suppurazioni della parete, partiva immediatamente una lettera diretta ai medici di base della zona che invitava a non inviare più i loro pazienti in un posto dove c’erano troppe complicanze settiche!

Questa riduzione di invii, avrebbe causato una riduzione dell’occupazione dei letti e questo è uno dei parametri, insieme con altri, per la non conferma del primario o direttore, al biennale giudizio di competenza. Questo giudizio si fonda sul comportamento statistico dei seguenti parametri: tasso di occupazione dei letti, tasso di complicazioni, tasso di mortalità corretta (corretta, perché è chiaro che la mortalità di un reparto di neurochirurgia specializzato in tumori del cervello sarà più alta di quella di un reparto specializzato in chirurgia cosmetica) e tasso di concomitanza fra diagnosi cliniche e diagnosi anatomo-patologiche. Questo sistema ha anche altre utilissime ricadute. Per esempio, siccome per l’ottenimento della specializzazione in chirurgia serve in quei paesi un numero minimo di interventi chirurgici personalmente eseguiti con successo, è logico che giovani specializzandi preferivano non andare a lavorare in un posto dove il capo non faceva operare i giovani e, quindi, il numero dei pazienti curati entro l’anno diminuiva per mancanza di personale, esponendo così il primario o il cattedratico alla possibilità di non essere riconfermato alla prossima revisione biennale; però, siccome anche un tasso di complicazioni e di mortalità anormalmente elevato fa perdere il posto al caposervizio, questi si sentiva obbligato a fare in modo che i suoi assistenti venissero addestrati ad operare come si deve, col che si creava un ciclo virtuoso utile a tutti: pazienti, primari e assistenti!

 

6

Anni fa, ho fatto fare in Kenya da un mio studente una tesi di dottorato un po’ particolare. Gli ho fatto prendere 100 strisci dall’asfalto delle strade di Nairobi per farne esami culturali con antibiogramma. Questi esami non hanno mai mostrato alcunché di sostanzialmente pericoloso! Poi gli ho fatto prendere strisci cutanei lungo le più frequenti vie d’accesso alle ossa ad altri 100 malati, cominciando all’atto del ricovero e ripetendoli ogni ora, per 12 ore consecutive. I risultati furono sorprendenti, perché, all’atto del ricovero, si coltivavano pochi e innocenti saprofiti, mentre 8 ore dopo la permanenza in corsia, si coltivavano, in ciascun paziente, tutti i germi più pericolosi, dallo stafilococco aureo all’escherichia coli ed alla klebsiella, tutti abbondantemente antibiotico-resistenti! Col che si fondava scientificamente il principio che la routine più giusta è la seguente: un malato pianificato, va studiato ambulatoriamente e ricoverato mezz’ora prima dell’intervento chirurgico, per farlo arrivare direttamente in sala operatoria senza farlo passare prima per la corsia. Nel caso del traumatizzato acuto, questi deve passare dal pronto soccorso direttamente nella sala operatoria per le emergenze, dove un chirurgo vestito per operare, lo esamina, ottiene le radiografie indicate ed attua immediatamente le cure necessarie. Se il pronto soccorso riceve una frattura esposta, l’arto va immediatamente avvolto in un telino sterile, possibilmente imbevuto di Betadina acquosa e il paziente va portato, subito ed evitando ogni contatto con la corsia, direttamente in sala operatoria, dove viene trattato come sopra.

Tante volte, in casi di politraumatizzati, ho eseguito gli interventi di chirurgia viscerale necessari a salvare la vita e poi, ho lasciato il paziente sul tavolo alle cure dell’anestesista che, una volta rimesso il paziente in sesto, mi chiamava, anche dopo diverse ore, per farmi continuare la terapia con la fase delle osteosintesi! Questo tipo di routine non solo è la migliore profilassi delle infezioni post-operatorie, facendo risparmiare gli enormi costi finanziari e sociali delle complicazioni settiche, ma consente risultati funzionali finali eccezionalmente buoni, evitando i costi sociali di lunghe invalidità temporanee e riducendo drasticamente sia le invalidità post-traumatiche permanenti, sia le complicanze post-operatorie.

E così continuo a chiedermi: perché questo mi era possibile in Africa e non si può fare a Roma?

Possibile che qui non si possa fare nulla per portare la medicina del nostro Paese almeno al livello di quella kenyana?

 

 
 
 

KENYAN CONSTITUTIONAL PROBLEMS. PART 2

Post n°5 pubblicato il 10 Febbraio 2010 da Bushman
 

Germany and Italy, at the end of the 2nd World War, re-established a democratic government after being under dictatorships for many years. Obviously, the new states inherited a lot of laws passed during the dictatorship years which were not tolerable under the re-established democracy. So, one of the first steps in both countries was to establish, as mandated by the Constitution, a Constitutional Court of highly competent judges (*). Anybody on trial because of a law made by the Nazis or by the Fascists, that appears to be unconstitutional, has the right to ask for a temporary suspension of his trial, pending a request for an opinion of the Constitutional Court and, when the Constitutional Court declares the law under which the citizen is prosecuted to be unconstitutional, the accused is immediately acquitted and the relevant law becomes ope legis null and void and is cancelled from the Code. In a short time, all the pre-existing anti-democratic laws were killed.

This is the same situation in which colonies found themselves at the moment of acquiring their independence. Of course, a colonial ruler did not want problems and made therefore laws stating, for example, that a party must be registered, that a political rally must be licensed and that newspapers or magazines must receive a permission from the executive before starting publication and all sorts of activities, trades and professions need to renew an annual licence. Now, these rules infringe congenital rights, which belong to a citizen as birth rights and are not granted from above: the freedom of association, the freedom of speech, the right to have a free press, the right to freely practise one’s profession or trade and, if we had in Kenya such a Constitutional Court, these liberticidal laws would have disappeared since long time. (About the press, there is in European countries run under the Roman law a Registry of magazines and newspapers, usually kept by the Judiciary. If one wants to publish a newspaper, one has to inform this Registry about the date when one starts publishing, the name of the responsible editor and the name of the paper. The Registrar of the Press, before entering the information into the public Registry of the Press, can only object to the chosen name and write to the perspective publisher “Sorry, Sir! You cannot publish in Nairobi a newspaper called ‘The Standard’ because this name is already used by an existing newspaper. Please choose a different name”). Of course a party does not need any permission or any licence to start functioning nor a professional needs to renew his licence to practise every year, once he has passed all his state exams to acqire the right to practice his/her profession!

The Constitutional Court is also competent to ruling on contro­versial issues that might arise between ministries and between the central and the regional governments and on the constitutionality of new laws approved by the Parliament. Its powers are limited only by the Constitution! For example, the present Prime Minister of Italy, Berlusconi, using his majority in both chambers of the Parliament, had a law passed recently, according to which a Prime Minister cannot be prosecuted while in office. This law survived just one week and was duly and timely killed by a sentence of the Constitutional Court that found it contrary to the Constitution, which states that everybody, without exception, is equal in front of the law.

Another basic rule is that nobody can be removed from his natural judge, a concept totally alien to the Anglo-Saxon juridical culture! What is my natural judge? If I commit a felony for which the Nairobi Court has the territorial competence to try me, I have to be tried by the judge of this Court that was on duty at the very moment in which my case became a case and nobody can appoint special courts or commissions of judiciary enquires! Either you prosecute me or you shut up! Of course, the same applies to the prosecution! This principle makes impossible for anybody the sad and disgusting show we saw in the USA, when a special prosecutor was appointed just to serve political interests to prosecute Clinton and in Kenya, to bother Njonjo.

It is fashionable and probably justified now to attack the Kenyan establishment because of corruption, but when this criticism comes from the British High Commissioner it cannot be tolerated at all, because this institutional corruption is a direct and obligatory consequence of the idiotic principles laid down by the Lancaster House constitution imposed on Kenya at independence! If you give to a country becoming independent after being a colony and therefore without any previous experience in self government, a constitution that puts the head of state above the law, that does not consider the prosecution as compulsory and that establishes an attorney general with the power to stop any prosecution, one secures to politicians an unlimited impunity and creates the most effective school of corruption that can be imagined!

Another issue that is usually overseen by scholars educated within the Anglo-Saxon juridical culture is the electoral system. Everybody believes that the United Kingdom is an old democracy, but this is absolutely wrong! England started resembling a real democracy only 30 years ago, when the Labour party changed the electoral system, because till that date, there were electoral constituencies in northern Scotland, where aristocrats and bourgeoisie were at home, that used to send an MP to the Commons with just 12 votes, while in Birmingham, where most of the electors belong to the working classes, 300,000 votes were needed to send one MP to the House of Commons! In this frame of mind, everybody accepts as democratic the system of election they have in UK and we have in Kenya, without remarking how much it leaves to be desired. It has been several time published by the press that, after a general election in UK, the opposition polled actually more individual votes than the majority, but received less MPs because of the faults inherent in the used system and in a clever carving of the constituencies, because surely a clever executive can carve constituencies to the exclusive benefit of a particular party or a group of parties. The only 100% democratic way of electing MPs is the so called pure proportional system, in which the elector votes in the same ballot paper first for a party, by making a cross on the symbol of the chosen party (in Italy it is called voto di lista or party vote) and, after it, if he/she wants, a limited number of names chosen among the list of candidates proposed by that party can be indicated either by writing the names of by writing the individual number under which the preferred candidate is listed in the official party list of candidates (in Italy it is called voto preferenziale or preferential vote). If party A is voted by 30% of the electors, it has the right to have 30% of the parliamentary seats and the candidates who received the highest amount of preferential votes are returned to Parliament (if one of them dies or resigns, the first of the non elected in the same party’s list automatically fills up the vacant place).

Also, the system of having to register in order to vote opens a big door to abuses, as Black Americans have learned the hard way in the past, when the Ku Klux Klan prevented them from registering. In continental Europe, everybody has to be registered in the citizens’ roll of the municipality where he/she lives. Each municipality sends the poll certificate to his/her house and records his/her name in the list of the voters of the polling station closer to his/her house. Anyway, if the poll certificate cannot be delivered or if it went lost, one can receive a duplicate straight away at the electoral office of his/her municipality in a few minutes.

Mr. Waruhiu spoke in his book of instability in France and Italy because of this system, but he uses a misnomer. It is not instability. It is democracy! Italy, after the war, has been one of most stable and economically most successful countries in the West, even it they changed 55 cabinets, because the cabinet was always formed by the majority Christian Democratic party and its allies. You see, I can be the best option for the prime minister job today, but in a few months I can go politically nuts and begin doing nonsense. Well, either my coalition partners demand my resignation or I am given a vote of non confidence by the sovereign Parliament and I am replaced. Meanwhile the business of the different ministries goes on untroubled because the local equivalent of the Kenyan Permanent Secretaries continue working. These Permanent Secretaries (called in Italy Direttori generali or Directors General) have tenure. They are people who started their career from scratch and that have reached their position by successive promotions, all of them through difficult and demanding competitive examinations, on the outcome of which the law does not give politicians any say whatsoever. These people know their job much better than their politically appointed Ministers.

After a vote of non confidence to the actual Prime Minister, the President of the Republic begins his most important political job, called consultazioni or consultations. He speaks with the speakers of both chambers, with previous prime ministers, with the leader of each party, with the leadership of trade unions and of employers’ organisations and with whomever he thinks useful. After this round of consultations he chooses the person who has the best chances to form a cabinet, informs him about what transpired from the consultations and, once the two chambers of the parliament have given a vote of confidence to the new government, the President of the Republic swears in the new cabinet. Meanwhile the civil service works as usually, probably better and faster than ever, because they have not to convince a possibly incompetent politician appointed as their minister, on what it is better to do.

A further criticism to the Constitution given to Kenya by the colonial ruler is the way the President of the republic is elected. Let us not look at Kenya, because being our country we are emotionally charged in judging it and let us examine the United States of America. Does anybody of sound mind really think that they had no better persons to choose for the job other than Bush and Kerry? With that system, the people are compelled to choose between the two persons that can collect more money and that can better manipulate their own party! Sorry, the chances that they may also be the best possible options for the country are very very slim and, anyway, the elected head of state, is not the symbol of the whole nation, but the agent of his own party! The President of the Republic must be elected by an assembly formed by all the members of the Parliament with representative of the regional governments and must receive a consistent compulsory majority, at least 75%, in order to compel majority and opposition to agree on somebody who is worth his while and who will command the respect of a vast majority of citizen. Look at Germany and Italy, where this system is in use: they have almost always had extremely good Heads of state (Ciampi, the actual President of the Italian republic, respected and loved by everybody there, is a famous economist, the man that, as the Minister of Finance, actually brought Italy into the Euro monetary system with flying colours. Germany just appointed as head of state a man with a high culture and experience in international financial matters. They do not belong to any party and, in the system used in USA and in Kenya, none of them would have had any chance whatsoever to be considered for a job that they are doing in a wonderful way. Why must we prevent us from choosing among a wide pool of competent peoples, just to follow blindly the stupid, ineffectual and dangerous system used by the U. S. A., where the head of the state is by no means the symbol of the state, but is, as already noted, just the agent of the party that won the election?).

To accommodate the aspiration of a multiethnic society like Kenya, one could probably introduce a system whereby all the tribes are listed in alphabetic order, and each time the Elder of one of the tribe, following the list, is charged with putting together the panel of the candidates for the election to the Presidency.

I am strongly convinced that the application of these principles also in Kenya, would never permit the hatching of any potential dictator; it would assure effective check and balances, would guarantee to the Kenyan a brand of superior democracy and it would make Kenya the Switzerland of Africa in no time! Wherever this system is adopted, not even a single party returned in total control of the Parliament could enslave the country! So, it is high time that somebody in Parliament proposes these changes.

 

(*) The methods of appointing judges of the Constitutional Courts are different in Europe, but all of them make sure that the Parliament, the Executive and the legal experts (Judiciary and Bar) are involved. A good method for Kenya would probably be that one fourth of the Constitutional Judges are indicated by the Parliament, one fourth by the Executive, one fourth by the Judiciary and one fourth by the Law Society.

 
 
 

CONSTITUTIONAL PROBLEMS OF KENYA.1

Post n°4 pubblicato il 10 Febbraio 2010 da Bushman

1.3.2005

 

Whoever reads Mr. S. N. Waruhiu’s book “From Autocracy to Democracy in Kenya” will be impressed by the amount of information and by the clarity of the analysis done by the author. Any reader who did not grow up within an Anglo-Saxon juridical culture will be additionally impressed by the fact that, in spite of the burden put on him by the bias of his Anglo-Saxon juridical education, the author was perfectly capable to identify many of the sources of the present Kenyan problems, even if often without becoming aware of it.

The whole Anglo-Saxon constitutional history is characterised by the Executive trying to somehow keep the Judiciary under its control and people grown up within this system, usually fail in getting furious in front of some facts, which mightily irritate anyone who instead grew up within a Roman juridical culture.

The Attorney General, who is part of the Executive and a Cabinet member and who can enter a nolle prosequi, is a typical antidemocratic Anglo-Saxon invention, for the purpose of protecting from prosecution members of the ruling clique! The job of an attorney general is totally unknown and unheard of in countries following the Roman system of laws, because both the concepts of such an attorney general and of the possibility of entering a nolle prosequi ruling are unknown to the Roman code, even if nolle prosequi (don’t prosecute) is said in Latin. Actually, one of the fundamental concepts of the Roman law is that there cannot be any discretionary power in prosecuting and the prosecution is a straight-forward, automatic and compulsory exercise that has to be started any time there is a notitia criminis (=information of a crime), even if this crime appears to be only possible and not at all sure. The Anglo-Saxon juridical culture justifies these two obnoxious ideas - attorney general and nolle prosequi - because they consider the needs of the Executive to be prevalent in respect of the needs of Justice and they want to have the possibility of stopping a case that may embarrass the executive, while the Roman law considers the interest of theoretical Justice to be paramount and having priority in respect of the interests of the Executive.

In a Roman system of law, for example, since the Goldenberg inquest hinted very clearly to the possibility of criminal acts having been committed, the competent prosecutor would have proffered his accusations and a formal trial would have been started long ago. The Office of the Prosecutor, in continental Europe, where the Roman Code is prevalent, is not under the control of the Executive, but it is totally independent, as a branch of the Judiciary. In the Cabinet, there is a Minister of Justice, who is competent to supply the Judiciary with all the paraphernalia needed for it to function (buildings, machines, archives, secretaries, cleaners, etc.), but has nothing to say about how justice is administered and how the Judiciary recruits its court staff.

Let me give two examples of what this system causes:

1. About 20 years ago, as everybody remembers, the Press, all over the world, started reporting on what was at that time called the Lokheed Scandal. Newspapers gave the impression that the Lokheed may have paid bribes to several Ministers of Defence of NATO countries to convince them to purchase Lokheed combat aircrafts (which, by the way, were quite good crafts). The Chief Prosecutor of Rome, read that piece of news on the newspapers and, since this was a notitia criminis (information about a crime) and since the Constitution commands that a notitia criminis must be automatically followed by a prosecution, he had no option other than prosecuting his Minister of Defence. The investigators of the Judiciary Police found and supplied him with the necessary evidence; he could prove his points in Court; won the case and the Minister of Defence was sentenced to 4 and one half years prison, even if he was a powerful member of the ruling coalition.

2. Leone was one of the Presidents of the Republic of Italy. He was a famous criminal lawyer and he was paid a fee for a case he argued before becoming President of the Republic, 2 year after being in office. He forgot, probably in a genuine way, to declare this sum into his tax return and a journalist published the information on a newspaper (tax returns in Italy are available for inspection to every citizen). The competent Prosecutor of Rome Judiciary set-up read the relevant article in a newspaper and he had no other option than prosecuting the President of the Republic, who was found guilty, was heavily fined (there, a criminal offence politically charged, if committed by a politician, is punished more severely than if committed by a private citizen), had to resign from the Presidency and disappeared from the political life in shame.

How can one guarantee such a freedom for the Judiciary? Simple: the salary of judges is by law tied up with the salaries of the members of Parliament, who, in every climate do not like to starve; they have tenure; the Executive has no power whatsoever on them, because judges are not appointed by the Executive or by the Head of state, but through a competitive examination. (The idea of an executive president of republic appointing judges as in USA or in Kenya would give the creeps to any continental European! And with good reasons! Look at what happened in the USA, where the noble founding Fathers who wrote the American Constitution, were also victims of their British juridical culture of the time and were unable to avoid being poisoned by it, with the result that they could not foresee devices capable of avoiding what happened recently: Bush father appointed the High Court judges and the High Court judges rigged Bush son into the Presidency. How many devices are regrettably missing in the American Constitution to prevent George Bush from successfully busying himself in constructing the Fascist state he seems to try to establish in America? None, which is simply horrifying!). In a nutshell, if there is the need of appointing 15 new judges, the Minister of Justice (a cabinet member, I repeat it, responsible to supply the Judiciary with all the means necessary to do their work, without any power whatsoever in the running of court affairs) advertises the jobs. Eventually 50 persons apply. After being vetted by the Judiciary Police (nobody can be a judge if in his enlarged family there is somebody convicted for a criminal act), 45 candidates remain. They are summoned one day in Rome at the Palazzo degli Esami (State Examination Building) and given several points of law, on each one of them they have to write an essay. A panel of examiners made by senior judges and professors of law in the Universities read, discusses and marks these essays and only after marking them, the sealed envelopes containing the names of the candidates are opened. The 15 candidates scoring higher are employed!

A newly employed judge, after a thorough training program, serves 4 years as junior judge in a lower court to gain practical experience in the bench and, after this period, he may be sent to gain a similar experience in a prosecution office. During his career, he can serve 4 year long tours of duty either as a judge or as a prosecutor as the need may arise and as he is inclined to and his promotions will happen also through his performance and through competitive examinations. (In Kenya, this system would have the added advantage of putting to work very competent prosecutors, instead of half literate policemen).

Who rules the Judiciary? Every member of the Judiciary votes for the election of the Superior Council of the Judiciary, whose honorary (not executive!) Chairman is the President of the Republic. The Parliament chooses a small number of members, that however will not be able to strongly influence a majority and who, anyway, must be respected and well known men of law and, if they were parliamentarians, they have to resign form their chamber. This Council administers discipline and supervises the career of every judge or prosecutor, so that, if you are a judge that convicted a member of the political party of the Minister of Justice, all this minister can do against you, is to write a letter of complaint to the Superior Council of the Judiciary alleging that you dress improperly or you are late for work and the Superior Council will decide on merit if to follow up the matter or dismiss it.

The Judiciary is so independent and so powerful in continental Europe, that in Italy it destroyed an omnipotent political system who had become utterly arrogant and corrupt, by simply prosecuting abuses not permitted by the law (one of the most powerful politicians and Prime Ministers of Italy, Craxi, run away and died in Tunisia because he was sentenced to 12 and one half years in prison for corrupted practices in favour of his party, when Prime Minister).

PART 2 FOLLOWS

 
 
 

EMMA BONINO CANDIDATA ALLE PRESIDENZA REGIONALE DEL LAZIO

Post n°3 pubblicato il 09 Febbraio 2010 da Bushman
 

EMMA BONINO AL ROGO!

 

   La candidatura di Emma Bonino alla presidenza della regione Lazio, per via delle sue note opinioni sul controllo delle nascite e sull’aborto, manderà in fibrillazione le gerarchie ecclesiastiche e le spingerà ad una guerra senza quartiere contro questa candidatura.

   Per questo, non sarebbe male organizzare una pubblica discussione per far riflettere se è vero o no che l’interruzione di una gravidanza configuri sempre e comunque un omicidio, come afferma a gran voce chi ignora completamente le dottrine di San Tomaso d’Aquino, massimo teologo cattolico e Dottore della Chiesa. Questi, nella sua Summa theologiae, insegna la tortuosa dottrina secondo cui, nel corso del suo sviluppo, il prodotto del concepimento usufruisce di tre anime, una dopo l’altra: una’anima vegetativa, analoga a quella delle piante, in un primo momento, per poi passare attraverso un periodo in cui esso ha un’anima sensitiva, come quella degli animali e ricevere poi, ma solo alla conclusione del suo sviluppo corporeo, la definitiva anima razionale che lo farà, finalmente, persona umana ('Summa Theologiae', I, 90). Quest’anima definitiva, secondo l’Aquinate, penetrerebbe nel feto non prima del terzo mese di gravidanza, per cui, applicando il suo insegnamento, qualunque aborto fatto prima dell’arrivo della terza e definitiva anima avrebbe lo stesso peso etico della rimozione di un’unghia incallita o di un callo.

   Nel corso della discussione, verrebbe fuori, quasi sicuramente, il condiviso sospetto che Tommaso d’Aquino potrebbe benissimo aver detto delle grosse corbellerie proprio alla luce delle categorie mentali caratteristiche della teologia cattolica, perchè questa si fonda esclusivamente sul libero arbitrio, mentre un feto, di sua libera volontà, non può neppure variare la frequenza del suo respiro e acquisisce la potenziale capacità di decidere autonomamente se peccare o no solo quando, diventando psico-fisicamente indipendente, assurge alla dignità di essere individuale capace di esercitare questo libero arbitrio, cosa che si può razionalmente assumere che avvenga col taglio del cordone ombelicale che lo univa biologicamente al metabolismo della madre.

   La gerarchia vaticana sa benissimo queste cose e fa solo finta di ignorarle perchè la prepotente imposizione delle sue opinioni, sempre e contro chiunque, aumenta comunque il suo potere contrattuale con uno Stato affetto da cronico complesso d’inferiorità, come il nostro, e questo significa assicurarsi meglio i peculiari vantaggi economici che il Vaticano ricava dallo Stato italiano (esenzioni fiscali, finanziamenti alle scuole private cattoliche, stipendi per gli insegnati di religione cattolica, che superano gli 800 milioni di euro l’anno).

   Una volta che tutto ciò viene fatto comprendere, sempre meno cattolici praticanti si sentiranno obbligati ad obbedire all’ordine della gerarchia ecclesiastica di non sostenere Emma Bonino!

 
 
 
Successivi »
 

AREA PERSONALE

 

TAG

 

ARCHIVIO MESSAGGI

 
 << Marzo 2024 >> 
 
LuMaMeGiVeSaDo
 
        1 2 3
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
25 26 27 28 29 30 31
 
 

CERCA IN QUESTO BLOG

  Trova
 

FACEBOOK

 
 

ULTIME VISITE AL BLOG

vidokcITALIANOinATTESAelle_bororose.gardenfrancescalibera48dairydaisyblanche.fstella.contessa64annare38gesu_risortoannunz1Bushmanciprovooraoneillove004francesca52f
 

ULTIMI COMMENTI

Un saluto a te, M@.
Inviato da: ITALIANOinATTESA
il 29/05/2014 alle 00:54
 
Seriamo che i tempi di alcune ananali mediche si accorcino...
Inviato da: gallovil
il 02/10/2010 alle 10:30
 
PERO' devo ammettere una cosa , la sanita' ha...
Inviato da: gallovil
il 01/10/2010 alle 12:48
 
La corruzzione c'e' sempre stata...
Inviato da: gallovil
il 02/08/2010 alle 12:30
 
lEGGO sempre con interesse i suoi articoli , persone come...
Inviato da: gallovil
il 02/08/2010 alle 12:27
 
 

CHI PUŅ SCRIVERE SUL BLOG

Solo l'autore puņ pubblicare messaggi in questo Blog e tutti gli utenti registrati possono pubblicare commenti.
 
RSS (Really simple syndication) Feed Atom
 
 
 

© Italiaonline S.p.A. 2024Direzione e coordinamento di Libero Acquisition S.á r.l.P. IVA 03970540963